The critical role of ultra-low-energy vibrations in the relaxation dynamics of molecular qubits.

Improving the performance of molecular qubits is a fundamental milestone towards unleashing the power of molecular magnetism in the second quantum revolution. Taming spin relaxation and decoherence due to vibrations is crucial to reach this milestone, but this is hindered by our lack of understanding on the nature of vibrations and their coupling to spins. Here we propose a synergistic approach to study a prototypical molecular qubit. It combines inelastic X-ray scattering to measure phonon dispersions along the main symmetry directions of the crystal and spin dynamics simulations based on DFT. We show that the canonical Debye picture of lattice dynamics breaks down and that intra-molecular vibrations with very-low energies of 1-2 meV are largely responsible for spin relaxation up to ambient temperature. We identify the origin of these modes, thus providing a rationale for improving spin coherence. The power and flexibility of our approach open new avenues for the investigation of magnetic molecules with the potential of removing roadblocks toward their use in quantum devices.

Sinus arrest in familial hypokalemic periodic paralysis caused by SCN4A mutation: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Primary hypokalemic periodic paralysis (HypoPP), a rare skeletal muscle channelopathy resulting in episodic muscle weakness or paralysis under hypokalemic conditions, is caused by autosomal-dominant genetic mutations. HypoPP limits physical activity, and cardiac arrhythmias during paralytic attacks have been reported. We describe a rare familial HypoPP case complicated by sinus arrest and syncope requiring urgent temporary pacemaker implantation. CASE REPORT: A 27-year-old Vietnamese man with a family history of periodic paralysis presented with his third attack of muscle weakness triggered by intense football training the previous day. Clinical and laboratory features justified a HypoPP diagnosis. During intravenous potassium replacement, the patient experienced syncopal sinus arrest requiring urgent temporary pacemaker implantation. The patient gradually improved, responding favorably to oral potassium supplements. Genetic testing revealed an Arg1132Gln mutation in the sodium ion channel (SCN4A, chromosome 17: 63947091). At discharge, the patient received expert consultation regarding nonpharmacological preventive strategies, including avoidance of vigorous exercise and carbohydrate-rich diet. CONCLUSIONS: No evidence has established a relationship between hypokalemia and sinus arrest, and no specific treatment exists for familial HypoPP due to SCN4A mutation. Clinician awareness of this rare condition will promote appropriate diagnostic approaches and management strategies for acute paralytic attacks. Treatment should be tailored according to HypoPP phenotypes and genotypes.

Prevalence of depression among heart failure inpatients and its associated socio-demographic factors: implications for personal-and family-based treatment management in health facilities in Vietnam.

OBJECTIVE: Our objective is to identify the prevalence of depression among inpatients with heart failure (HF), and to ascertain the factors associated with the depression from a wide spectrum of sociodemographic variables. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a hospital-based cross-sectional survey of prospectively collected data in inpatients with a diagnosis of HF at Vietnam National Heart Institute, Bach Mai Hospital (Hanoi, Vietnam) from July 2020 to July 2021. A sample size of 128 inpatients with HF was finally included. Primary outcome variable was depression ICD-10. RESULTS: The mean age was 62.34 (SD = 14.76). The sex ratio was 66 males to 62 females. The overall prevalence of depression ICD-10 was 46.88% among HF inpatients. The proportion of the depressed patients fluctuated between 37.21% and 83.33% by NYHA heart failure classification. Compared to the depressive prevalence among patients with NYHA class II, the odds were 8.43 times higher for those with NYHA class IV (OR univariate 8.43; 95% CI 1.63-43.46). Patient's age was significantly associated with increased prevalence of depression (OR multivariate 1.07; 95% CI 1.003-1.14). It was significantly higher odds of depression in HF patients who felt sadness after a diagnosis of an illness (OR multivariate 18.02, 95% CI: 4.21-77.08). Individuals with higher household economic status were less likely to be diagnosed with depression compared to those with lower household economic status (OR multivariate 0.15, 95% CI: 0.02-0.92). The odds of depression were significantly higher in HF patients who reported family conflict (OR multivariate 23.45, 95% CI: 1.29-423.55), and in those having the loss of a close family member (OR multivariate 38.62, 95% CI: 1.41-1055.98). CONCLUSIONS:   The prevalence of depression by ICD-10 was relatively high. Age of patient, sadness after a diagnosis of an illness, household economic status, family conflict and loss of a close family member were significantly associated with the depression among HF inpatients. Present results suggest a need for a disease management program addressing both psychological and HF aspects with the aim of improving health outcomes for the inpatients in Vietnam health facilities.

Discrepancies between actual weight, weight perception and weight loss intention amongst persons with NAFLD.

BACKGROUND: Currently, weight loss remains the main management strategy for NAFLD, but the weight loss intention and methods remain poorly characterized. METHODS: We analysed data about the perception of weight status, intention and methods to lose weight amongst 3,822 persons with NAFLD (United States Fatty Liver Index ≥ 30) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001-2014. RESULTS: Only 53.9% of people with NAFLD intended to lose weight, 91.8% with perception of overweight and 8.2% with normal weight perception. Persons with perception of overweight or overweight/obese status were four times more likely to try to lose weight (adjusted odds ratios 3.9 and 4.2, respectively, both P < 0.0001). Younger age, women, higher educational level, Hispanic and blacks (versus whites) were significant independent factors associated with weight loss intention. Notably, ≤10% attended weight loss programme. Metabolic equivalent of task hours per week was significantly higher in whites who exercised to lose weight (vs. no exercise, P = 0.003) but not in other racial/ethnic groups. Interestingly, calorie intake was similar between those who dieted versus not (2056 vs. 1970 kcal/day, P = 0.11). About 30% reported ≥ 10-lb weight loss, with 50% higher odds of success for men but there was no difference by race/ethnicity. CONCLUSION: Overweight or obese perception was a key driver in weight loss activities but was inconsistent with actual weight status and varied by race/ethnicity and other sociodemographic factors. Weight loss programme is under-utilized and should take in account of weight perception training and culturally appropriate approach.

White hard clam (Meretrix lyrata) shells as novel filter media to augment the phosphorus removal from wastewater.

It is well recognized that filter media play a crucial role in constructed wetlands (CWs) for decontamination of phosphorus (P)-rich wastewater. This study investigates the suitability of raw white hard clam shells (WHC) and white hard clam shells thermally modified at 800 °C (WHC-M800) as potential media to enhance P treatment performance in CWs. The results indicated that both WHC and WHC-M800 displayed appropriate physicochemical properties, such as high porosity, excellent hydraulic conductivity, and rich Ca content. WHC-M800 exhibited a superior P adsorption capacity (38.7 mg/g) to WHC (12.8 mg/g). However, the practical utilization of WHC-M800 as filter media in CWs may be compromised, due to certain limitations, for example: extremely high pH values in the post-adsorption solutions; high weight losses during calcination and adsorption processes; low mechanical strength; and intensive energy consumption. In contrast, the WHC demonstrated significant advantages of reasonably high P adsorption capacity, locally abundant availability, low cost, and marginal side effects. The fractionation of inorganic P of WHC and WHC-M800 revealed that Ca-bounded P was the most dominant binding form, followed by loosely bound P, Fe-P, occluded P, and Al-P. The present study demonstrates that recycling of WHC shells as a potential substrate in CWs provides a feasible method for upgrading P removal in CWs. Additionally, it helps to reduce waste WHC shells in a simple, cheap, and eco-friendly way, thus can double environmental benefits.

New species of Parasaccocoelium (Haploporidae) and new genus Pseudohaplosplanchnus (Haplosplanchnidae) from mullet fish in the Far East of Russia and Vietnam: morphological and molecular data.

A description and the molecular characterization of two new species in the Haploporidae and Haplosplanchnidae families are provided herein. Parasaccocoelium armatum n. sp. was collected from the intestine of a Mugil cephalus Linnaeus, 1758 from the Primorsky region, Russia, and Pseudohaplosplanchnus catbaensis n. g. n. sp. was collected from Moolgarda seheli (Forsskål, 1775) in the coastal waters of Cat Ba Island, Vietnam. The morphological features of P. armatum n. sp. closely resemble those of Parasaccocoelium polyovum, but these species differ from one another by hermaphroditic sac and vitellaria area length and by maximal egg size. The main difference between P. armatum n. sp. and P. polyovum is the presence of an armed hermaphroditic duct in the new species. Molecular data support the case for inclusion of the studied trematodes in P. armatum n. sp. Worms P. catbaensis n. g. n. sp. from the mullet from Vietnam are morphologically close to Haplosplanchnus (Haplosplosplanchninae). The only difference between P. catbaensis n. g. n. sp. and species of Haplosplanchnus is the presence of few (1-7) large eggs, measuring 135-142 × 92-104 µm, versus numerous small eggs with a maximal size of 75 × 50 µm. Phylogenetic analysis showed that there is a contradiction between the morphological similarity of the worms and their position in the Haplosplanchnidae system, based on the genetic data. Results of this study indicate that P. catbaensis n. g. n. sp. is genetically distant from other representatives of Haplosplanchnus, despite their morphological similarity. According to the molecular data, P. catbaensis n. g. n. sp. is close to Hymenocotta mulli Manter, 1961 (Hymenocottinae). However, these species are considerably different to each other morphologically. Molecular data argue for the possibility of establishing a new subfamily for P. catbaensis n. g. n. sp. However, considering earlier studies of Haplosplanchnidae, we support the view that creating new subfamilies within this family is unreasonable because of the lack of molecular data for most haplosplanchnid species, which are necessary to resolve the problematic systematics and phylogeny of this family.

Prevalence, characteristics and mortality outcomes of obese, nonobese and lean NAFLD in the United States, 1999-2016.

BACKGROUND: Updated prevalence and outcome data for nonobese NAFLD for the multi-ethnic US population is limited. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to investigate the prevalence, clinical characteristics and mortality of obese and nonobese individuals with NAFLD in the United Sates. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted using the 1999-2016 NHANES databases. We determined hazard ratio stratified by obesity status in NAFLD individuals using Cox regression and log-rank test. RESULTS: Overall NAFLD prevalence was 32.3%: 22.7% were obese and 9.6% were nonobese, with increasing trend over time for obese NAFLD, but not nonobese NAFLD. Amongst those with NAFLD, 29.7% (95% CI: 27.8%-31.7%) were nonobese, of which 13.6% had lean NAFLD. Nonobese NAFLD was more common in older (40.9% if ≥ 65 vs. 24.2% if < 65 years), male (34.0% vs. 24.2%) and foreign-born Asian people (39.8% vs. 11.4%) and uncommon in black (11.5% vs 30-35% in other ethnicities, P < 0.001). Metabolic comorbidities were common in nonobese NAFLD individuals who also had more advanced fibrosis. Nonobese NAFLD individuals had higher 15-year cumulative all-cause mortality (51.7%) than obese NAFLD (27.2%) and non-NAFLD (20.7%) (P < 0.001). However, DM and fibrosis, but neither obese nor nonobese NAFLD compared to non-NAFLD was independently associated with higher mortality. CONCLUSION: Nonobese NAFLD makes up about one-third of the NAFLD in the United States (even higher in older, male and foreign-born individuals) and carries higher mortality than obese NAFLD. Screening for NAFLD should be considered in high-risk groups even in the absence of obesity.

New species and new genus of Pseudohaploporinae (Digenea): Pseudohaploporus pusitestis sp. n. and Parahaploporus elegantus n. g., sp. n. (Digenea: Pseudohaploporinae) from Vietnamese mullet fish.

Two new species of Pseudohaploporinae, Pseudohaploporus pusitestis sp. n. and Parahaploporus elegantus n. g., sp. n., are described from intestines of the Vietnamese mullet fish Moolgarda seheli and Osteomugil cunnesius, respectively. Pseudohaploporus pusitestis sp. n. differs from two known Pseudohaploporus species, P. vietnamensis and P. planiliza, by the absence of a diverticulate hermaphroditic duct and muscular sphincters at the proximal end of the hermaphroditic sac. Metrically, P. pusitestis sp. n. is close to P. vietnamensis and differs from this species and from P. planilizum by lower maximum sizes of most parameters. Parahaploporus elegantus n. g., sp. differs from representatives of Pseudohaploporus by the presence of a single testis and the armament of hermaphroditic duct and is morphologically close to trematodes of the genus Haploporus. However, P. elegantus n. g differs from all known Haploporus species from mugilids of the Indo-West Pacific by the structure of the armament of the hermaphroditic duct and also by size of body, organs and eggs. The validity of designating two new species and a new genus of trematodes is supported by ITS and 28S rDNA sequence data. Phylogenetic reconstructions showed that the new trematodes belong to the Pseudohaploporinae, which formed a well-supported cluster within the monophyletic Haploporidae.

Al2O3, Al doped ZnO and SnO2 encapsulation of randomly oriented ZnO nanowire networks for high performance and stable electrical devices.

Two-dimensional randomly oriented nanowire (NW) networks, also called nanonets (NNs), have remarkable advantages including low-cost integration, good reproducibility and high sensitivity, which make them a promising material for electronic devices. With this work, we focus on the study of ZnO NNs as channel materials in field effect transistors (FETs). In our process, ZnO NWs were assembled in NNs by the liquid filtration method and were integrated in transistors, with the bottom-gate configuration, using simple technological steps. Non-encapsulated devices exhibited state of the art performances but their stability toward air exposure was poor. Using a proper encapsulation of the nanonets, with cheap, abundant and non-toxic oxides, we demonstrate our ability not only to stabilize their electrical properties, but also to enhance performance to values never reach before for ZnO NW-based transistors. Our best FETs exhibit a low Off-current while maintaining a very good On-current, which results in a I on/I off ratio exceeding 106 for a drain voltage of 5 V. The behavior of these ZnO NN-based FETs was studied for three different encapsulation materials, alumina (Al2O3), tin oxide (SnO2) and Al-doped ZnO (AZO). These results prove that ZnO NNs are highly promising materials for an easy and low-cost integration into FETs.

Smoke-free environment policy in Vietnam: what did people see and how did they react when they visited various public places?

INTRODUCTION: Since Vietnam has signed WHO framework on tobacco control (FCTC) in 2003 and has issued tobacco control law in 2013, there has been little research concerning about what impacts smoke-free regulations have had on public compliance. The objective of this study was to assess public exposure to secondhand smoke and reaction toward smoke-free policy regulations in Vietnam and the associated factor. METHODS: Using the design of GATS (Global Adult Tobacco Survey), a nationally representative sample of 8,996 adults were approached for data collection. Logistic regression was used to examine the associated factor. RESULTS: The study revealed that the prevalence of respondents exposed to secondhand smoke was much higher in bars/café/tea shops (90.07%) and restaurants (81.81%) than in any other public places, universities (36.70%), government buildings (31.12%), public transport (20.04%), healthcare facilities (17.85%) and schools (15.84%). 13.23% of respondents saw smokers violate smoke-free regulations. Among those who saw them violate smoke-free regulations, just one-third cautioned them to stop smoking. Strikingly, a higher rate of cautioning smokers to stop smoking was observed among the older, married, and better educated respondents. Respondents who were married, better educated and in lower economic status were more likely to remind smokers to stop smoking. CONCLUSIONS: The study has called for strengthening two of the six MPOWER (Monitor, Protect, Offer, Warn, Enforce and Raise) components of the tobacco free initiative introduced by WHO, Monitoring tobacco use and prevention policies and Protecting people from tobacco smoke.

Tailoring grating strip widths for optimizing infrared absorption signals of an adsorbed molecular monolayer.

Metal structures with resonances in the mid-infrared spectral range enable an increased sensitivity for detecting molecular vibrational signals. 1D gold strip gratings have already proven potential in surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) experiments, as grating resonances and local electric field enhancement can be spectrally tuned by changing the grating period. Here, we identify the grating strip width as another important design parameter, which is investigated for further optimization of molecular absorption signal enhancement in SEIRA experiments. Previous literature used gratings to increase light absorption in relatively thick polymer layers. Here, we demonstrate the capability of gold strip gratings fabricated on a CaF2 substrate to enhance the CH2 vibrational modes of a thiol-based monolayer of MHDA. An optimal choice of the strip width w = 1.33 µm enables a maximum vibrational signal enhancement factor of around 84, when normalized to microscopic GIR measurements of an MHDA monolayer on an extended gold surface. Numerical simulations demonstrate the broadband local field enhancement of gold strip gratings, which are suitable for enhancing multiple vibrational modes in a large hot-spot volume.

A new subfamily, Pseudohaploporinae subfam. n. (Digenea: Haploporidae), with morphometric and molecular analyses of two new species: Pseudohaploporus vietnamensis n. g., sp. n. and Pseudohaploporus planilizum n. g., sp. n. from Vietnamese mullet.

Adult specimens representing Pseudohaploporus vietnamensis n. g., sp. n., Pseudohaploporus planilizum n. g., sp. n., and Pseudohaploporus sp. were collected from the intestines of Osteomugil engeli (Bleeker, 1858), Moolgarda seheli (Forsskål, 1775), and Planiliza subviridis (Valenciennes, 1836) from Vietnam. The new genus Pseudohaploporus n. g. is similar to the genus Haploporus Looss, 1902 in morphology and host-specificity. Species of Pseudohaploporus and Haploporus both possess an elongated body, a long oesophagus, an intestinal bifurcation behind the ventral sucker, a large hermaphroditic bursa, vitellarium consisting of two compact accumulations, concretions in the excretory vesicle, and numerous small eggs that contain miracidia with a pigment eye, and both infect mullet. In contrast to Haploporus, both species of the genus Pseudohaploporus possess two testes. These species differ from each other morphometrically. Pseudohaploporus planilizum sp. n., in comparison with P. vietnamensis sp. n., possess a larger maximum and mean size for the body length, oral and ventral suckers, pharynx, oesophagus length, hermaphrodite bursa, and egg width. Molecular data (ITS and 28S rDNA sequences) support the validity of the new genus and the two new species and indicate the presence of another representative of this genus, Pseudohaploporus sp. Phylogenetic reconstructions show that Pseudohaploporus formed a well-supported clade within a large clade that represents the Haploporidae Nicoll, 1914. Based on morphological and molecular data for P. vietnamensis sp. n. and P. planilizum sp. n., we erected a new subfamily, Pseudohaploporinae subfam. n., which appears to be a sister taxon to Haploporinae Nicoll, 1914. Molecular data show that Pseudohaploporus differ from other haploporids at a level similar to that between other subfamilies.

Post-treatment Mortality Among Patients With Tuberculosis: A Prospective Cohort Study of 10 964 Patients in Vietnam.

BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis is the leading infectious cause of death. Steep reductions in tuberculosis-related mortality are required to realize the World Health Organization's "End Tuberculosis Strategy." However, accurate mortality estimates are lacking in many countries, particularly following discharge from care. This study aimed to establish the mortality rate among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Vietnam and to quantify the excess mortality in this population. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study among adult patients treated for smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis in 70 clinics across Vietnam. People living in the same households were recruited as controls. Participants were re-interviewed and their survival was established at least 2 years after their treatment with an 8-month standardized regimen. The presence of relapse was established by linking identifying data on patients and controls to clinic registries. Verbal autopsies were performed. The cumulative mortality among patients was compared to that among a control population, adjusting for age and gender. RESULTS: We enrolled 10964 patients and 25707 household controls. Among enrolled tuberculosis patients, 9% of patients died within a median follow-up period of 2.9 years: 342 (3.1%) during treatment and 637 (5.8%) after discharge. The standardized mortality ratio was 4.0 (95% confidence interval 3.7-4.2) among patients with tuberculosis, compared to the control population. Tuberculosis was the likely cause of death for 44.7% of these deceased patients. CONCLUSIONS: Patients treated for tuberculosis had a markedly elevated risk of death, particularly in the post-treatment period. Interventions to reduce tuberculosis mortality must enhance the early detection of drug-resistance, improve treatment effectiveness, and address non-communicable diseases.

Interferometric analysis of sub-nanosecond laser-induced optical breakdown dynamics in the bulk of fused-silica glass.

Dynamics of laser-induced optical breakdown in the bulk of fused-silica glass irradiated by a sub-nanosecond laser pulse at a wavelength of 790 nm with a fluence of 522 J/cm2 was studied by the femtosecond time-resolved complex interferometry in Nomarski arrangement utilising a Fresnel bi-prism. Evolution of the plasma channel and the development of the free electron density were in focus of the investigation. The measured ultimate length of the plasma channel was equal to 30 µm and almost doubled the length estimated within the moving breakdown model. The history of the transient electron density distribution in the plasma was reconstructed from the phase shift maps using the inverse Abel transform and it revealed further deviation from this model. The core of the plasma channel exhibited at the last stages of the development a considerable level of the electron density up to 2.4×1020 cm-3. The signature of the pre-breakdown phase has been identified as radiation caused by ionization-released electrons interacting with ions and has been demonstrated in solids for the first time in this way. Origin of the discrepancy between the theoretical prediction of the moving breakdown model and the measured values of the channel length is discussed as well.

Associations between acute gastrointestinal GvHD and the baseline gut microbiota of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients and donors.

Growing evidence suggests that host-microbiota interactions influence GvHD risk following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant. However, little is known about the influence of the transplant recipient's pre-conditioning microbiota nor the influence of the transplant donor's microbiota. Our study examines associations between acute gastrointestinal GvHD (agGvHD) and 16S rRNA fecal bacterial profiles in a prospective cohort of N=57 recipients before preparative conditioning, as well as N=22 of their paired HLA-matched sibling donors. On average, recipients had lower fecal bacterial diversity (P=0.0002) and different phylogenetic membership (UniFrac P=0.001) than the healthy transplant donors. Recipients with lower phylogenetic diversity had higher overall mortality rates (hazard ratio=0.37, P=0.008), but no statistically significant difference in agGvHD risk. In contrast, high bacterial donor diversity was associated with decreased agGvHD risk (odds ratio=0.12, P=0.038). Further investigation is warranted as to whether selection of hematopoietic stem cell transplant donors with high gut microbiota diversity and/or other specific compositional attributes may reduce agGvHD incidence, and by what mechanisms.

Effect of cell membrane permeability protein on porcine oocyte vitrification.

BACKGROUND: The discovery of proteins with inherent cell membrane-translocating activity will expand our ability to study and manipulate various intracellular processes in living systems. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the effect of TAT-EGFP (trans-activator of transcription-enhanced green fluorescent protein) intra-cellular delivery on the survival and development of mature porcine oocytes after cryopreservasion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) collected from follicles 3 to 6 mm in diameter in abattoir-derived oocytesries of prepubertal gilts were on vitro matured (IVM). After IVM, the oocytes were used for TAT-EGFP delivery test and cryopreservation with and without TAT-EGFP supplementation. Oocyte viability was assayed by staining with fluorescein diacetate. Live oocytes were parthened and cultured in vitro, to assess their ability to be activated and to therefore develop. RESULTS: The results show that the TAT-EGFP was well delivered into the nuclear of the Hela cell and oocytes also. In the medium toxic test, the proportion of viable oocytes in seven groups showed no significance. In vitrification experiments, the viability of oocytes in group supplemented with TAT-EGFP was significantly higher than that in the without TAT-EGFP group and the control groups (27.7%, 90.4%, and 100%, respectively). Among the three groups, the developmental abilities of oocytes in the supplement TAT-EGFP, EGFP and Control groups revealed that the vitrified group had a significantly reduced ability to undergo first cleavage (34.4%, 63.3%, and 69.0%, respectively). CONCLUSION: the supplement of TAT-EGFP protein into vitrification medium does not affect the viability of the oocytes whereas it improved the viability and developmental potential of oocytes after it was vitrified.

Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor from southern Vietnam in 2010 was molecularly distinct from that present from 1999 to 2004.

The Vibrio cholerae O1 (VCO1) El Tor biotype appeared during the seventh cholera pandemic starting in 1961, and new variants of this biotype have been identified since the early 1990s. This pandemic has affected Vietnam, and a large outbreak was reported in southern Vietnam in 2010. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analyses (MLVA) were used to screen 34 VCO1 isolates from the southern Vietnam 2010 outbreak (23 patients, five contact persons, and six environmental isolates) to determine if it was genetically distinct from 18 isolates from outbreaks in southern Vietnam from 1999 to 2004, and two isolates from northern Vietnam (2008). Twenty-seven MLVA types and seven PFGE patterns were identified. Both analyses showed that the 2008 and 2010 isolates were distinctly clustered and separated from the 1999-2004 isolates.

First isolation and genomic characterization of enterovirus A71 and coxsackievirus A16 from hand foot and mouth disease patients in the Lao PDR.

Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) and coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) are major aetiological agents of hand, foot and mouth disease in Asia. We established the first genomic characterization of strains isolated in 2011 from Lao patients. Isolates were related to EV-A71 genotype C4 and CV-A16 genotype B1a that circulated in neighbouring countries during the same period. This confirms the regional character of hand, foot and mouth disease epidemiology and makes plausible the occurrence of severe disease in the Lao population.